This paper is concerned with the conception, framing, innovation and reception of a series of national health plans in early post-Independence Africa. Originating in 1962 as a USAID-funded technical programme of the World Health Organisation (WHO), the exercise brought advisors, government bureaucracy, and fledgling post-colonial health sectors together to evolve national health plans in five African countries: Gabon, Liberia, Mali, Niger, and Sierra Leone. The exercise brought a growing concern with management and finance in health sectors to bear on problems of uneven resource distribution and urban skew in health provision in Africa, and drew on contemporary debates and developments in health planning across WHO regions globally.

The paper investigates what these planning exercises signified in the context of postcolonial global politics in the 1960s, what sort of development state the plans envisaged, and what forms of development the plans foreclosed or made possible. It traces the circulation of these plans, and the extent to which they overlaid an innovative and ultimately problematic infrastructural form - the developmental state in Africa - on existing patterns of urban and rural distribution of health resources. Finally, it highlights the specific forms of engagement that were envisaged and that emerged in the post-Independence state in Africa in the first decades of postcolonial sub-Saharan African history.

In the 1920s, a network of maternal and child welfare centres began to spread across Uganda, emanating from two mission midwifery schools in Kampala. The city's midwifery schools sat at the centre of a network of maternity services, ostensibly innovating maternal and child welfare for the entire protectorate. In areas closely connected to Kampala, midwives achieved rapid success in founding new centres, and in attracting women to attend them for antenatal service. Initially, attendance for childbirth was very low, but by the 1950s, hospital deliveries began rising as rapidly as antenatal attendance had earlier. This paper will question to what extent this change was the result of political, socioeconomic, and chronological factors, and to what extent it was influenced by innovations in health education and healthcare delivery.

The paper will further this analysis by comparing the upswing of hospital births in central Uganda to much later, post-colonial upswings in hospital births in rural areas of Acholi and Karamoja that were never connected to the Kampala-centred network of midwives, but have a similar timeline of increased deliveries. It will question the relationship between urban and rural innovations in increasing delivery attendances, examining whether the increase in deliveries in rural northern Uganda was an imitation of patterns demonstrated as successful in Kampala and its environs, or whether rural midwives were innovating in response to the particular situation they were in. How, moreover, can we understand the ostensibly urban nature of health innovation when similar results often occur in rural areas decades later?

This paper will examine innovations in approaches to sanitation services for public health, within the field of international development programming over the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) period (2000 to 2015). It will ask how innovation has differed in rural and urban settings and changed over the period. It will examine to what extent innovations have been able to transition from one setting to the other, how this process has influenced them, and to what extent they differ from historical examples of sanitation development for public health.

The paper will focus on the development of community-led total sanitation, originally a form of participatory development for rural villages in Bangladesh, but now implemented nationwide in many African countries and having undergone many adaptations (e.g. 'school-led total sanitation'; 'urban community-led total sanitation', 'CLTS+'). This will be contrasted with the technology driven approach to urban sanitation of the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation's 'reinvent the toilet' campaign. This has been influential in refocusing the sanitation sector on on-site sanitation solutions for urban areas, and reconfigured the debate around faecal waste management, but has yet to provide a solution which reaches the scale of uptake of CLTS.

The paper will draw on academic and 'grey' literature describing the development of sanitation solutions and the challenges that have been experienced in attempting to achieve 'scale' and 'sustainability'. This will lead to a discussion of the socio-political and micro-economic characteristics determining the uptake or rejection of these innovations in different contexts.

Dans l'Unité de Médecine Traditionnelle, créée en août 2013 à Abidjan, un argilothérapeute reçoit de nombreux malades souffrant de maladies chroniques et de maladies métaboliques (hypertension, diabète, colopathie, arthrose). Fils de potiers, lui-même formé à la céramique, il devient argilothérapeute en 2009 et élabore des compositions à base d'argile à des fins thérapeutiques. Nous décrirons le contexte qui a vu naître cette pratique thérapeutique unique en Côte d'Ivoire, ainsi que l'histoire de la fabrication de ces « médicaments » à base d'argile (tisanes, crème, ovules, suppositoires). Nous interrogerons finalement le concept d'innovation dans le contexte de la santé. Ma présentation s'appuie sur une enquête ethnographique (réalisée lors de deux missions à Abidjan, en 2015 et en 2016).